A Lesson In History
On January 8, 1790, President George Washington broke new ground by delivering the first State of the Union Address. He presented it to a joint session of Congress at Federal Hall in New York City, the temporary capital of the United States. The new nation’s Constitution required that the President occasionally update Congress on the State of the Union and propose necessary measures. As the first president, it was up to Washington to decide how to execute this, and his approach was a significant departure from the monarchical traditions of the past.
Originally known as the “President’s Annual Message to Congress,” Washington and John Adams delivered the message in person. Thomas Jefferson, however, believed this was “monarchical” and time-consuming, so he began sending a written message instead. This continued until 1913 when President Woodrow Wilson delivered his message in person.
Washington gave his address eight months after his inauguration. His tone was deferential, and he understood the nation’s fear of having another monarchical ruler. The speech, which was a little over 1,000 words long, emphasized the need for national defense, infrastructure development, and education. It also congratulated and welcomed the newest state, North Carolina.
Congress and citizens responded with overwhelming approval to Washington’s State of the Union Address. Congress drafted and delivered a response aligned with the speech and pledged cooperation. Americans felt reassured that their new government was better balanced and less tyrannical than the one they left behind. Washington successfully demonstrated the balance between the three branches of the government, instilling a sense of confidence in the nation’s future.
Over the years, the State of the Union Address has evolved, reflecting the changing nature of American politics and society. In 1923 the first message was carried on the radio, and in 1947, Americans were able to see the speech on television. With the advent of the Internet and streaming, Americans could start watching the speech on their computers starting in 2002.
American presidents still give State of the Union Addresses today, though the format has evolved.
In 1790, Washington delivered his 1,000-word speech in about 30 minutes. Today, State of the Union speeches are between 6,000 and 7,500 words and generally take 60 to 90 minutes. However, they can take even longer because president’s delivery style and often interruptions from Congress with applause.
The speech is now a lengthy televised event, a testament to the power of modern media and the importance of transparency in governance. An opposition party member then responds with their own televised address, a practice that further enriches the democratic dialogue.